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2024년 10월 32번
How much we suffer often ① depends on how we mentally frame the experience of pain. For example, when 1500-meter runners push their bodies to the limit—their muscles burning and their lungs gasping for oxygen—they don’t experience significant psychological suffering. Similarly, ultra-marathon runners, who push themselves ② within ordinary human limits by running distances of 50 to 100 kilometers or more, describe their ability to embrace and even make peace with their pain. This perspective ③ shift allows them to endure incredible physical challenges with resilience. Likewise, when patients undergo passive back pain therapy involving deep pressure on painful areas, they often describe this discomfort as "good pain," believing that the treatment will ultimately be ④ beneficial despite the intense sensation. Whether in sport or therapy, the way pain is perceived often determines how it is experienced. This ⑤ highlights the power of mindset in shaping our response to discomfort.
2024년 10월 35번
The water crisis we face today is a political issue—meaning it is neither inevitable nor beyond our ability to solve—and, as such, it is ultimately a matter of ①choice. This makes it all the more troubling: a once-abundant resource has been rendered ②scarce due to government neglect, inadequate infrastructure, contamination, and poorly managed urban development. In other words, there is no inherent reason for a water crisis to exist, yet it persists, with little effort being made to resolve it. Alarmingly, some cities ③lose more water through leaks than they deliver to households. Even in developed nations like the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated 16 percent of freshwater loss, while in Brazil, the figure rises to 40 percent. These systemic failures exacerbate inequality, as the selective scarcity of water leaves 2.1 billion people worldwide ④without safe drinking water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation. The situation ⑤downplays how access to basic resources increasingly reflects social and economic divides, revealing the urgent need for more equitable water management systems.
2024년 10월 36번
As individuals, our ability to thrive has always depended on how ①effectively we navigated relationships within a group. When the group valued us, we could rely on support, access to resources, and even the opportunity to find a mate. ②Without this approval, we risked losing these essential advantages. This dynamic was fundamentally tied to survival, both physically and genetically. Over millions of years, this pressure favored those who were sensitive to and skilled at improving their social standing. As a result, humans developed a ③learned tendency to unconsciously track how others in their community perceive them. This information is processed as self-esteem and related emotions like pride, shame, or insecurity.
These emotions drive us to do more of what earns the approval of others and avoid behaviors that do not. Importantly, they create the illusion that this motivation ④originates from within ourselves. If we were fully aware that our actions were shaped by social pressure, our efforts might seem forced or insincere, reducing their effectiveness. This subconscious system ⑤ensures that our behavior aligns with group expectations in a way that appears genuine and authentic, strengthening social cohesion and mutual trust.
2024년 10월 37번
Conventional medicine has long attributed depression to an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain. However, this explanation has a significant flaw: the imbalance of brain chemicals is a ①cause of depression, not its cause. In other words, it is depression that leads to a decrease in substances like serotonin and noradrenaline, rather than a ②deficiency in these substances causing depression. This revised understanding shifts the focus to viewing depression as an issue rooted in consciousness. Consciousness is a fundamental entity that ③gains its grounding in the brain's physical functions, with the brain serving merely as an organ of consciousness. If the brain is not the source of consciousness itself, then the true origin of depression lies in a distortion of consciousness—a state in which individuals ④lose their sense of self and the meaning of life. This distortion of consciousness can manifest as depression, highlighting the need for approaches that address not just the brain but the deeper levels of awareness. Recognizing consciousness as ⑤central to mental health opens new pathways for understanding and treating depression more holistically.
2024년 10월 38번
The common perceptions of human nature circulating in society are often a mix of assumptions, anecdotes, and sometimes ①outright misconceptions. Psychology, however, stands apart as the scientific study ②dedicated to understanding human behavior—how and why we act, perceive, and interact as we do. The emphasis here is on the term "science." Psychologists do not rely on popular opinions, hearsay, or even the philosophical musings of deep thinkers. Instead, they seek ③solid evidence to ensure that psychological concepts are grounded in fact rather than widely accepted beliefs or assumptions. Furthermore, psychology explores the ④fundamental principles and processes that shape both the unique cultural and social differences among people and the universal traits shared by all humans. This evidence-based and holistic approach is what defines modern psychology. By focusing on both individual and shared human experiences, psychology helps ⑤obscure the intricate workings of the human mind and behavior.
2024년 10월 39번
Life can be described as what physicists refer to as a "high-dimensional system," meaning that it is incredibly ①simultaneously complex with many processes occurring simultaneously. Even within a single cell, the sheer number of potential interactions between molecules is vast. Such a system can remain ②unstable only if it narrows down to a smaller set of collective outcomes. For instance, the development of a human embryo results in only a ③limited number of tissues and body structures. In 1942, biologist Conrad Waddington termed this narrowing of possibilities "canalization." An organism can shift between a small number of well-defined states but cannot exist in random or undefined conditions—similar to how a ball in a rugged landscape will settle in one valley or another. This principle also applies to health and disease: while illnesses may have ④diverse causes, their physiological and symptomatic manifestations tend to be surprisingly consistent. Understanding these patterns offers valuable insights into diagnosing and treating ⑤complex conditions effectively.
2024년 10월 40번
Punishing a child is often ①ineffective due to what neuropsychologist Álvaro Bilbao refers to as "trick-punishments." These are actions like scolding, moments of anger, or traditional punishments, which can have the opposite of their ②intended effect. Rather than deterring a behavior, they may actually reinforce it. For instance, if Hugh hits his younger brother and his mother scolds him, the attention—even if negative—might feel better than being constantly ③noticed. For a lonely child, being scolded is preferable to feeling invisible, so he may continue the behavior. Instead, his mother could adopt a different approach, such as praising Hugh when he refrains from hitting his brother for a set period. While it is ④crucial to stop the behavior, focusing on positive reinforcement rather than highlighting the negatives can be far more effective. This shift in strategy encourages better behavior and helps ⑤foster a stronger, more positive relationship between parent and child. By emphasizing praise over punishment, parents can foster long-term improvements in behavior.